Development of Practicum Tools for Measuring Temperature and Air Humidity Based on Microcontroller by Telemetric

The purpose of this research is to make a temperature measuring instrument for air temperature and humidity on the device using the DHT11 sensor as a temperature and humidity sensor for the object under study, the ATMega328P CH340G microcontroller as data processing and the Bluetooth HC-05 module as an intermediary communication between the device and a smartphone. , utilizing App Inventor technology as a means of information quickly and accurately. The research method used in this study is the research and development method or known as research and development (R&D). This measuring tool is made using the Arduino Uno R3 module, which is programmed using the Arduino programming language. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that: 1) The measuring instrument is designed to be able to measure temperature and humidity in a place/room continuously, 2) the system can provide precise and accurate information on the temperature and humidity of the device to the user. The additional result is that apart from practical measuring tools it can also be used as a wireless monitoring tool for temperature and humidity for swiftlet houses which is useful for solving temperature and humidity problems in swiftlet houses as well as outputs of Intellectual Property Rights Products.


INTRODUCTION
Physics is a branch of science that studies matter and all physical activities of that material. Besides that, physics is also a natural science of matter and energy, such as heat, light and sound, that deals with matter, energy and their interactions. Meanwhile, according to [1] physics is the knowledge that describes the collective efforts, findings, insights and wisdom of humans.
Studying physics means understanding and knowing the physics concepts and then applying them in everyday life.
Practicum is very closely related to learning physics. With practicum, students understand more quickly. This is because the concepts they learn are directly applied, and they are directly involved in the training.
All objects in nature are composed of a substance or matter. Living things are also composed of substances or matter. Every sense is composed of millions of particles. A substance can be divided into solids, liquids, and gases based on the constituent particles. A substance can be measured and studied without changing the composition or composition of the essence. Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses the degree of heat of a substance as measured using a thermometer. The unit of temperature commonly used is degrees Celsius ( 0 C) [2]. Temperature can also be interpreted as a physical property of an object that describes the average kinetic energy of the movement of molecules. The higher the air temperature, the lower the air humidity. This is due to the air's high temperature, and precipitation (condensation) molecules will occur. Air humidity is the concentration of water vapour in the air. This concentration figure can be expressed in absolute, specific, or relative humidity.
Measurement can be interpreted as giving a number to a certain attribute or characteristic possessed by a person, thing or certain object according to clear and agreed rules or formulations. Measurement also compares a quantity measured with a measuring instrument used as a unit. So far, the temperature measuring instrument used is an alcohol or mercury thermometer. The alcohol and mercury thermometers used today for teaching temperature and heat have various weaknesses, including easily broken capillary pipes. Mercury is toxic, making it dangerous for the safety of students. Besides that, the disadvantage is especially in the reading of the scale because it is still in manual form with direct observation, so it is prone to random errors in the measurement results.
Science and technology have progressed, and we live in a technological era where all measuring instruments are completely digital. One of them is the measurement carried out by telemetry. Telemetry is the process of measuring the parameters of an object (object, space, natural conditions) whose measurement results are sent to another place by sending data either by cable or wirelessly [3]. In practice, this concept is applied in tool designs or projects that use sensors and microcontrollers to translate analog input into software systems to control the movement of electro-mechanical devices such as lights, motors and so on [4]. Because of this, researchers are trying to develop a practicum tool for measuring air temperature and humidity based on a telemetry microcontroller. The device is to be designed digitally and can measure two different variables in one measurement simultaneously so that temperature and humidity measurements during practicum can be done easily and quickly because the observations were made telemetry to see the measurement results.
The benefits of this research are to broaden researchers' insights and make it easier to practice temperature measurements, and the results obtained are more accurate.
Based on the background stated above, the problem identified in this study is "How to develop a practicum tool for measuring temperature and humidity based on a microcontroller by telemetry?

METHOD
This research is known as Research and Development (R&D). This research method is used to produce certain products and tests the effectiveness of these products. The research on developing a microcontroller-based temperaturemeasuring practicum tool utilizing telemetry was adapted from the steps of the development research model by Borg and Gall [5]. The steps of the research model are as follows:  Designing the product to be made. The initial design of the product is as follows:  A research instrument is a tool that can support several data that are assumed to be used to answer questions and test research hypotheses. The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire given to media experts, material experts, physics teachers, and lab assistants as the respondent. Data obtained through research instruments during the trial were analysed using descriptive analysis, describing the results of the development of learning media products in simple practicum devices. This analysis intends to describe the data characteristics of each variable. This way is expected to make it easier to understand the data for further processing. The results of the data analysis are used as a basis for revising the developed tool product. The steps for analysing the interview data are as follows: Data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions/verification [7]. The type of qualitative data is changed to quantitative with the provisions in Table 1 and Table 2.
Where ̅ is the average value in each item question; Σ is the total value of all assessments in each question item; n is number of questions.
Then processing, the average value of the quality assessment aspects was obtained in qualitative form according to the assessment category criteria with the provisions in Table 3 and 4.

A. Tool Quality Assessment By Experts
The results obtained were that for program design, the average score was 3.33, which was in the very good category.
In the aspect of program quality, the average value obtained is 4.00 and is in the very good category. In the aspect of tool design, the average value obtained is 3.00 and is in a good category. In the aspect of tool quality, the value obtained is 4.00 and gets a very good category.

Figure 4. Tool Quality Assessment Diagram by Experts
As for suggestions and criticisms from expert validators, namely improving product quality, namely on the physical part of the tool so that a place or cover is made so that it is not easily damaged, the tool developed is very good.
The assessment results of the aspects in the laboratory manual, namely, the average value obtained for presenting the content, was 3.75 and received a very good category. The average value obtained for the aspect of language is 4.00 and is in the very good category.

Tool revision
Based on the suggestions and criticisms from material experts and media experts, a revision of the practicum tool for measuring temperature and humidity based on a microcontroller using telemetry was carried out. The suggestions used as a reference for improvement are in the laboratory manual, which is presented in more detail in the use of tools so that they are easy to understand. The physical appearance of the tool cannot be repaired because it uses a sensor, so if a cover is made, it will affect when the sensor detects/reads the temperature and humidity of the surrounding air.

B. Product Trials a. Tool quality assessment by a physics teacher
Tool quality assessment by a physics teacher at State Senior High School 2 Palu with two teacher, State Senior High School 7 Palu with two teacher, and State Senior High School 9 Palu with two teacher.
Aspects of assessing the quality of practicum tools presented in diagram form can be seen in Figure 6.

C. Assessment of the quality of laboratory manuals by physics teachers
Assessment of the quality of the laboratory manual by a physics teacher at State Senior High School 2 Palu with two teacher, State Senior High School 7 Palu with two teacher, and State Senior High School 9 Palu with two teacher.

Aspects assessed by experts physics teacher at State
Senior High School 2 Palu include the content presented and the language used. Aspects of the manual assessment of laboratory tools offered in the form of diagrams can be seen in Figure 9.  can be seen in Figure 11.
The aspects assessed from the practicum laboratory manual include the content presented and the language. The assessment results of the average aspect for the teachers at Senior High School 9 Palu were that the content aspect was raised in a very good category with an average score of 3.62, and the language aspect was in a very good category with an average score of 3.30.

Figure 11. Laboratory Manual Assessment Diagrams by Teachers
at Senior High School 9 Palu

Results of Responses to Practicum tools by Laboratory
Assistants.
The results of the responses to the criteria for practicum tools by students consisted of five aspects, namely the physical appearance of practicum tools, in terms of the suitability of practicum tools with physics concepts, the operation and performance of practicum tools, the quality, and effectiveness of practicum tools and the output or results of practicum tools.
Students who give assessments here are physics laboratory assistants of the Teacher Training and Education faculty, totaling six people. As for the assessment results, that is, in the aspect of the physical appearance the practicum equipment, the average value obtained was 3.08 and received a good category. For parts of the suitability of the practicum equipment with the concept of physics, the value obtained is 3.5 and gets a very good category.

Figure 12. Tool Quality Assessment Diagram by Students
In the aspect of operational and performance the practicum tools, the value obtained is 3.83 and gets the very good category. In the aspect of quality and effectiveness the practicum tools, a score of 3.33 was obtained in the very good category. In the aspect of accuracy of the tools, it gets a value of 3.75 and is a very good category. In the aspect of program quality, it gets a value of 3.75 and is a very good category.
As for suggestions and criticisms from laboratory assistants, namely improving product quality, namely in the physical appearance of the tool so that a place is made to protect the components from external interference so that the tool is not easily damaged and looks more attractive.

Assistants
The results of the responses to the laboratory manual for measuring temperature and humidity based on a telemetry microcontroller consist of two aspects: the content presented and the language.
Laboratory assistant response results regarding the laboratory manual, namely, for the content aspect presented, the average value obtained was 3.62 and received a very good category. For the language aspect, the score obtained is 3.66, and is in the very good category.
Aspects of the manual assessment of laboratory tools presented in diagram form can be seen in Figure 13.

Discussion
This research aims to develop digital tools for measuring air temperature and humidity, which can be monitored remotely (telemetry). The hope of researchers with the development of this tool is that it can help speed up the practicum process and master the concept of temperature and humidity [9]. With this tool, it is hoped that it can also become a reference to make something more technological, such as knowing programming languages and microcontroller systems [10] [11] [12] and [13].
The initial stage of developing this tool is making the product's initial design. Next, research the components that will be used to function as expected. The practicum tools are arranged according to the initial procedure when the details have been examined starting with designing the mechanical parts of the tool so that all sensors function correctly, such as how the PCB board shape will be used so that the circuit layout schematic works appropriately and how the sensor layout and other components work properly. This is done because the mechanical form of the tool to be significantly made influences the accuracy of the measuring instrument. If the mechanics have been made, the next step is to arrange the electronics; this stage also needs to be considered carefully so that the circuit layout schematic and the DHT11 sensor as a temperature and humidity meter can function correctly.
How is the connection of the sensor with the HC-05 Bluetooth module and with the microcontroller used (arduino). After the practicum tools have been well structured, the next stage is programming. The programming language used here is the programming language for the Arduino application. Arduino is not just a development tool, but a combination of hardware, programming language and Integrated Development Environment (IDE) [14]. After doing the programming, the next step is to make an application to display temperature and humidity results on the cellphone screen. This application uses an inventor web app connected to a stable internet network. After the tool has been made, it is included in the quality assessment of the tool and laboratory manual, where this assessment uses a questionnaire that has been modified. Based on the results of the questionnaire assessment, for positive statements, the average laboratory assistant strongly agreed, and for negative statements, the laboratory assistant didn't agree. From the results obtained, the effectiveness of a telemetry-based microcontroller-based air temperature and humidity meter provides convenience in carrying out practicum activities and is more interesting. While the efficiency of using this tool is the time needed is faster when compared to manual tools.
The advantage of this tool is that it is digital-based, and readings of measurement results can be monitored remotely (telemetry). Has an electronic circuit and microcontroller and streamlines time during practicum. This tool has limitations, namely on the physical appearance of the tool, which is easily exposed to unintentional interference from the outside.

The final product
The final product of the practicum tool for measuring air temperature and humidity based on a microcontroller by telemetry after expert assessment physics teacher and several physics education students of the Teacher Training and Education Faculty can be seen in Figure 14.

CONLUSION
Based on the research and data analysis results, it can be concluded that: A practicum tool for measuring temperature and humidity based on a telemetry microcontroller has been made. Based on the assessment results from experts, physics teachers, and 6 Physics laboratory assistants at Teacher Training and Education of Tadulako University, the laboratory tools and manuals met the criteria very well, although there were still some weaknesses.