The Processing of Glycerol with Acetone to Produce Solketal Using Amberlite IR 120 Na Catalyst: Comparison of solketal Production Using Gas Chromatography
Keywords:
Solketal, glycerol, amberlite IR 120 Na, gas chromatographyAbstract
Solketal is a chemical that can be made by combining glycerol with acetone. This compound can be used as a fuel oil additive to improve the cold flow properties of liquid transportation fuels, reduce specific emissions, aid in the reduction of gum formation (oil sap), increase oxidation stability, and increase the octane number by up to 2.5 points to accelerate the initiation process in motor fuel combustion. The addition of solketal, a bio-additive material in biodiesel, is expected to reduce emissions from diesel engines. Solketal can reduce glycerol waste created from biodiesel synthesis in addition to reducing resultant emissions because glycerol waste can be used as the primary raw material in the process manufacture of the solketal. The purpose of this research is to find out The catalytic process of glycerol and acetone using Amberlite IR 120 Na catalyst was traced using gas chromatography analysis. Solketal formation analysis using gas chromatography was used in this study. According to the results of gas chromatography analysis, the solketal produced without going through the distillation process has a purity of 23.54%, while the solketal produced after going through the distillation process has a purity of 38.94% when compared to the synthetic solketal produced by Sigma Aldrich, which has a purity of 95.67%. To manufacture solketal with a higher level of purity, the batch method was improved by adding a distillation process step to remove the water content and acetone that was still present in the sample.
References
Aguado-deblas, L., Estevez, R., Russo, M., Parola, V. L., Bautista, F. M., & Testa, M. L. (2022). Sustainable microwave-assisted solketal synthesis over sulfonic silica-based catalysts. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10(6), 15-22.
Anggraini, D. T., Primaharinastiti, R., & Isnaeni. (2013). Validasi metode kromatografi gas-spektrometri massa untuk penetapan kadar residu endosulfan dalam kubis. Berkala Ilmiah Kimia Farmasi, 2(1), 1-7.
Bai, L., Smuts, J., Schenk, J., Cochran, J., & Schug, K. A. (2018). Comparison of GC-VUV, GC-FID, and comprehensive two-dimensional GC–MS for the characterization of weathered and unweathered diesel fuels. Fuel, 214(February), 521–527.
Cazumbá, A., Cunha, F., Silva, M. T., & Paiva, T. (2022). Evaluation of production processes of glycerol acetals using process intensification by flow chemistry. Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification, 177(July), 108-114.
Chansorn, N., Amnuaypanich, S., Soontaranon, S., Rugmai, S., & Amnuaypanich, S. (2022). Increasing solketal production from the solventless ketalization of glycerol catalyzed by nanodispersed phosphotungstic acid in poly(N-methyl-4-vinylpyridinium) grafted on silica nanoparticles. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 112(August), 233–243.
Chol, C. G., Dhabhai, R., Dalai, A. K., & Reaney, M. (2018). Purification of crude glycerol derived from biodiesel production process: Experimental studies and techno-economic analyses. Fuel Processing Technology, 178(September), 78–87.
Darmapatni, K. A. G., Basori, A., & Suaniti, N. M. (2016). Pengembangan metode GC-MS untuk penetapan kadar acetaminophen pada specimen rambut manusia. Jurnal Biosains Pascasarjana, 18(3), 255–269.
Ghanei, R., Moradi, G. R., Taherpourkalantari, R., & Arjmandzadeh, E. (2011). Variation of physical properties during transesterification of sunflower oil to biodiesel as an approach to predict reaction progress. Fuel Processing Technology, 92(8), 1593-1598.
Hidalgo-Carrillo, J., Estévez-Toledano, R. C., López-Tenllado, F. J., Bautista, F. M., Urbano, F. J., & Marinas, A. (2021). Fourth generation synthesis of solketal by glycerol acetalization with acetone: A solar-light photocatalytic approach. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 125(August), 297–303.
Ilgen, O., Yerlikaya, S., & Akyurek, F. O. (2017). Synthesis of solketal from glycerol and acetone over amberlyst-46 to produce an oxygenated fuel additive. Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering, 61(2), 144–148.
Li, X., Jiang, Y., Zhou, R., & Hou, Z. (2019). Layered α-zirconium phosphate: An efficient catalyst for the synthesis of solketal from glycerol. Applied Clay Science, 174(June), 120–126.
Manjunathan, P., Maradur, S. P., Halgeri, A. B., & Shanbhag, G. V. (2015). Room temperature synthesis of solketal from acetalization of glycerol with acetone: Effect of crystallite size and the role of acidity of beta zeolite. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 396(January), 47–54.
Raman, A. A. A., Tan, H. W., & Buthiyappan, A. (2019). Two-step purification of glycerol as a value added by product from the biodiesel production process. Frontiers in Chemistry, 7(774), 1–9.
Rifani, B., Helwani, Z., & Khairat. (2016). Esterifikasi gliserol produk samping biodiesel dan asam asetat menjadi triacetin menggunakan katalis fly ash. Jurnal Online Mahasiswa Fakultas Teknik Universitas Riau, 3(2), 1-5.
Sharma, P., Le, M. P., Chhillar, A., Said, Z., Deepanraj, B., Cao, D. N., Bandh, S. A., & Hoang, A. T. (2022). Using response surface methodology approach for optimizing performance and emission parameters of diesel engine powered with ternary blend of solketal-biodiesel-diesel. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 52(August), 1-16.
Shirani, M., Ghaziaskar, H. S., & Xu, C. (2014). Optimization of glycerol ketalization to produce solketal as biodiesel additive in a continuous reactor with subcritical acetone using purolite® PD206 as catalyst. Fuel Processing Technology, 124(August), 206–211.
Türck, J., Singer, A., Lichtinger, A., Almaddad, M., Türck, R., Jakob, M., Garbe, T., Ruck, W., & Krahl, J. (2022). Solketal as a renewable fuel component in ternary blends with biodiesel and diesel fuel or HVO and the impact on physical and chemical properties. Fuel, 310(February), 1-18.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Fikrah Dian Indrawati Sawali
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
